YDNA, Autosomal DNA, Mitochondrial DNA, X Chromosome?<\/strong><\/p>\n There are different types of DNA testing. They are well explained at 4 Kinds of DNA for Genetic Genealogy<\/a>. Basically, with YDNA, we are looking at the father’s father’s father going back tens of thousands of years. The more you test the YDNA, the closer you get to present day. So this starts at the beginning of mankind and work toward the present. This type of testing is critical to one name studies. As we are looking the one name of Frazer, it makes sense to test YDNA. Autosomal DNA (atDNA) is pretty much the opposite of YDNA. This starts at the present and works back along all your lines. However, the further back you go, the more diffused the atDNA becomes. Some ancestors’ atDNA may drop out altogether.<\/p>\n First, the FTDNA Comparison<\/strong><\/p>\n In my last Blog, I mentioned how Jonathan was R-M512. FTDNA has a computer program that looks at Jonathan’s 37 STR test. The STR test is like a YDNA fingerprint. Except in this example, the fingerprint is not always unique. FTDNA then classifies those STRs and determines what SNP test Jonathan would be positive for if he took the SNP test. The SNP is more of a positive unique ID test where the STRs can sometimes be ambiguous. However, R-M512 was not terribly helpful for Jonathan as it occurs sometime in the Stone Age. Ugh. Joanna put Jonathan’s results into an FTDNA Project called R1a1a Subclades. Based on the expert talents of the administrator there, that administrator was able to place Jonathan further down on the R1a tree at a place called L664.<\/p>\n Now last Sunday, when I was in New Hampshire, I got news that Paul’s YDNA results were in. This is what I was waiting for. This would tell us if the 2 branches were the same family and if the lines were unbroken. If this were to be the case, then the YDNA results would apply to all<\/em> Frazers in the project and tell them about their deep ancestry.<\/p>\n FTDNA simply said that Paul’s Haplogroup (estimated SNP) was R-M198. This was further back in the Stone Age and less helpful than Jonathan’s results. For some reason, the combination of STRs did not compute well with FTDNA’s algorithms and they gave a very conservative answer. The good news was that both Jonathan and Paul were R1a which is a fairly rare YDNA for Northwestern Europe.<\/p>\n Jonathan and Paul by STRs<\/strong><\/p>\n The STRs are the markers used to fingerprint the YDNA. According to Paul’s match list, Jonathan and Paul differ by a GD of 3. Now a GD is not a swear, it is something called Genetic Distance. It is simply how far off the markers are from another set of markers. So out of the 37 markers tested, there were 3 differences between the markers of Jonathan and Paul. The R-M512 is Jonathan and the R-M196 below is Paul. Can anyone spot the 3 differences?<\/p>\n I had to look very closely at the screen. The first difference between the 2 Frazer lines is at the fourth STR. Jonathan has a 10 and Paul has an 11. The other differences are on the right. 3 from the right end we see Jonathan with a 35-38 and Paul with a 35-40. The difference between 38 and 40 is 2 accounting for 2 of the 3 GDs. All of these positions have names.<\/p>\n Again a bit of an eye strain, but the differences between Jonathan and Paul are at DYS391 and CDY. Notice that these STRs have different colors. That is because the different STRs mutate at different rates. The red STRs have faster mutation rates. The blue ones change more slowly. The differences in the blues just represent different levels of testing. The higher the number of STRs tested, the lighter, the color of blue. So CDY where there was a GD of 2 is a fast moving STR. One would expect this would be where there would be a difference of 2 if there was to be one. The other marker of DYS391 is a slower mover. However, each STR has a published mutation rate. I have seen published rates for DYS391 that are faster than DYS385 which is shown as a fast mover. So there is more than meets the eye.<\/p>\n FTDNA’s TiP Report<\/strong><\/p>\n FTDNA has a tool called the TiP Report. This is another mechanized way to estimate how closely you are related to a YDNA match. First, here are Paul’s YDNA matches:<\/p>\n I left out the tester’s names on the left. These are Paul’s 4 YDNA matches. He has fewer matches than Jonathan. Perhaps this is because he has a more unusual combination of STRs. Paul’s first 2 matches have a GD of 3, the last 2 have a GD of 4. That is why they are further down on Paul’s match list. When I run the TiP Report, this is what I get for Jonathan and Paul.<\/p>\n![\"Jonathan's](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Jonathans-STRs.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![\"Paul's](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Pauls-STRs1.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![\"STR](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/STR-Labels.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![\"Paul's](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Pauls-YDNA-Matches.jpg\")
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![\"TiP](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/TiP-Chart-Paul-Jonathan.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![\"northsea\"](\"http:\/\/www.jmhartley.com\/HBlog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/northsea.gif\")
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